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Thursday, December 23, 2010

GPAT 2010 QUESTION PAPER

GPAT - 2O1O QUESTTON BOOKLET CODE:B

Test Paper Code: GPAT
Time:3Hours Max.Marks:300



Q.l The vitamin essential in tissue culture medium is
(A)Pyridoxine (B)Thiamine (C)Nicotinic acid (D)Inositol
Ans. B

Q.2 Gingkgo biloba is used for its
(A)Expectorant activity (B)Lipid lowering activity
(C)PAF antagonistic activity (D)Antidepressant activity
Ans.C

Q.3 The amount of barbaloin present in Aloe vera is
(A)<1% (B)3.5-4% (c)1-1.5% (D)2-2.5%
Ans.B

Q.4 Sildenafil is used for treatment of one of the following disorders :
(A)Systolic hypertension (B)Unstable angina
(C)Pulmonary hypertension (D)Hypertension due to eclampsia
Ans.C

Q.5 Cardiac glycosides have the following configuration in the aglycone part
of the steroid nucleus :
(A)5a, 14a- (B)5a, 14β- (C)5β, 14a- (D)5β,14β-
Ans.D

Q.6 Quassia wood is adulterated with
(A)Brucea antidysentrica (B)Cassia angustifoila
(C)Cinnamomum zeylanicum (D)Cephaelis ipecacuanaha
Ans.B

Q.7 Eugenol is present in
(A)Fennel (B)Tulsi (C)Cardamom (D)Coriander
Ans.B

Q.8 Which one of the following drugs is prescribed for the treatment of
Philadelphia chromosome positive patients with Chronic myeloid Leukemia?
(A)Pentostatin (B)Methotrexate (C)Imatinib (D)L-Asparaginase
Ans.C

Q.9 Which of the following monoclonal antibodies is prescribed for
patients with non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
(A)Infliximab (B)Abciximab (C)Gemtuzumab (D)Rituximab
Ans.

Q.10 Identify the drug which is NOT used in the treatment of malaria caused by
Plasmodium falciparum :
(A)Artemisinin (B)Primaquine (C)Quinine (D)Mefloquine
Ans. B

Q.ll Which one of the following drugs does NOT act through G-Protein coupled
receptors?
(A)Epinephrine (B)Insulin (C)Dopamine (D)TSH
Ans.B

Q.12 Which one of the following drugs is most effective in preventing
transmission of HIV virus from the mother to the foetus?
(A)Lamivudine (B)Zidovudine (C)Indinavir (D)Ribavirin
Ans.B

Q.13 Improvement of memory in Alzheimer's disease is brought about by drugs which
increase transmission in
(A)cholinergic receptors (B)dopaminergic receptors
(C)GABAergic receptors (D)adrenergic receptors
Ans.A

Q.14 Which of the following non-opioid analgesics is a prodrug?
(A)Piroxicam (B)Celecoxib (C)Nabumetone (D)Ketorolac
Ans.C

Q.15 Which one of the following drugs is NOT a typical anti-psychotic agent?
(A)Chlorpromazine (B)Haloperidol (C)Risperidone (D)Flupentixol
Ans.C

Q.16 Which one of the followings is a plasminogen activator?
(A)Tranexamic acid (B)Streptokinase (C)Aminocaproic acid (D)None of the above
Ans.B

Q.17 Myasthenia gravis is diagnosed with improved neuromuscular function by using
(A)Donepezil (B)Edrophonium (C)Atropine (D)Pancuronium
Ans.B

Q.18 Which one of the following drugs specifically inhibits calcineurin in the
activated T lymphocytes?
(A)Daclizumab (B)Prednisone (C)Sirolimus (D)Tacrolimus
Ans.D

Q.19 The chemical behaviour of morphine alkaloid is
(A)acidic (B)Basic (C)neutral (D)amphoteric
Ans.B

Q.20 At physiological pH the following compound would be MOSTLY in the
(A)cationic form (B)unionized form (C)zwitterionic form (D)anionic form
Ans.

Q.21 Which one of the followings is used as a mood stabilizer for bipolar
disorder and also in certain epileptic convulsions?
(A)Phenytoin (B)Lithium (C)Sodium valproate (D)Fluoxetine
Ans.B

Q.22 An isosteric replacement for carboxylic acid group is
(A)pyrrole (B)isoxazole (C)phenol (D)tetrazole
Ans.-D

Q.23 The given antibiotic is an example of ansamycins :
(A)Roxythromycin (B)Adriamycin (C)Aureomycin (D)Rifamycin
Ans.D

Q.24 For glyburide, all of the following metabolic reactions are logical EXCEPT
(A)O-demethylation (B)aromatic oxidation
(C)benzylic hydroxylation (D)amide hydrolysis
Ans.B

Q.25 The effects observed following systemic administration of levodopa in the
treatment of Parkinsonism have been attributed to its catabolism to
dopamine. Carbidopa, can markedly increase the proportion of levodopa that
crosses the blood-brain barrier by
(A)increasing penetration of levodopa through BBB by complexation with it
(B)decreasing peripheral metabolism of levodopa
(C)decreasing metabolism of levodopa in the CNS
(D)decreasing clearance of levodopa from the CNS
Ans.B

Q.26 Ethambutol molecule has
(A)two chiral centers and 3 stereoisomers
(B)two chiral centers and 4 stereoisomers
(C)two chiral centers and 2 stereoisomers
(D)one chiral center and 2 stereoisomers
Ans.B

Q.27 A compound will be sensitive towards IR radiation only when one of the
following properties undergo transition on
(A)Polarizability (B)Dielectric constant (C)Dipole moment (D)Refractivity
Ans.C

Q.28 X-ray crystallographic analysis of an optically active compound determines
its
(A)Optical rotatory dispersive power (B)Absolute configuration
(C)Relative configuration (D)Optical purity
Ans.

Q.29 Which one of the following statements is WRONG?
(A)A singlet or triplet state may result when one of the electrons from
the HOMO is excited to higher energy levels
(B)In an excited singlet state, the spin of the electron in the higher
energy orbital is paired with the electron in the ground state orbital
(C)Triplet excited state is more stable than the singlet excited state
(D)When the electron from the singlet excited state returns to ground
state the molecule always shows fluorescence phenomenon
Ans.C

Q.30 Aminotransferases usually require the following for their activity :
(A)Niacinamide (B)Vitamin B12 (C)Pyridoxal phosphate (D)Thiamine
Ans.C

Q.31 Purity of water can be assessed by determining one of its following
properties instrumentally :
(A)pH (B)Refractivity (C)Viscosity (D)Conductivity
Ans.D

Q.32 Which one of the following statements is WRONG?
(A)Carbon NMR is less sensitive than proton NMR
(B)12C nucleus is not magnetically active
(C)Both 13C and *H have same spin quantum numbers
(D)The gyromagnetic ratio of *H is lesser than that of1 C
Ans.D
Q.33 In the TCA cycle, at which of the following enzyme-catalyzed steps,
incorporation of elements of water into an intermediate of the cycle takes
place :
(A)Citrate synthase (B)Aconitase
(C)Maleate dehydrogenase (D)Succinyl Co-A synthase
Ans.C

Q.34 Humectants added in cosmetic preparations generally act by
(A)hydrogen bond formation (B)covalent bond formation
(C)complex formation (D)the action of London forces
Ans.A

Q.35 In the mixing of thymol and menthol the following type of incompatibility
occurs :
(A)Chemical incompatibility (B)Therapeutic incompatibility
(C)Physical incompatibility (D)Tolerance incompatibility
Ans.C

Q.36 Bloom strength is used to check the quality of
(A)Lactose (B)Ampoules (C)Hardness of tablets (D)Gelatin
Ans.D

Q.37 The characteristic of non-linear pharmacokinetics include :
(A)Area under the curve is proportional to the dose
(B)Elimination half-life remains constant,
(C)Area under the curve is not proportional to the dose
(D)Amount of drug excreted through remains constant
Ans.C

Q.38 In the Drugs and Cosmetics Act and Rules, the Schedule relating to GMP is
(A) Schedule M (B)Schedule C (C)Schedule Y (D)Schedule H
Ans.A

Q.39 Thioglycolic acid-like compounds have applications in following type of
cosmetic formulations :
(A)Depilatory preparations (B)Epilatory preparations
(C)Vanishing creams (D)Skin tan preparations
Ans.A

Q.40 Which one of the following is a flocculating agent fora negatively charged
drug?
(A)Aluminium chloride (B)Bentonite (C)Tragacanth (D)Sodium biphosphate
Ans.

Q.41 The healing agent used in hand creams is
(A)soft paraffin (B) urea (C)bees wax (D)stearyl alcohol
Ans.A

Q.42 Measurement of inulin renal clearance is a measure for
(A)Effective renal blood flow (B)Renal drug excretion rate
(C)Active renal secretion (D)Glomerular filtration rate
Ans.D

Q.43 Highly branched three dimensional macromolecules with controlled structures
with all bonds originating from a central core are known as
(A)cyclodextrins (B)dextrans (C)dendrimers (D)liposomes
Ans.

Q.44 Which one of the following is the commonly used bulking agent in the
formulation of freeze dried low dose drug products?
(A)Sodium chloride (B)Mannitol (C)Starch (D)HPMC
Ans.

Q.45 The applicability of Noyes-Whitney equation is to describe
(A)First order kinetics (B)Zero order kinetics
(C)Mixed order kinetics (D)Dissolution rate
Ans.D

Q.46 Which filler can NOT be used for the preparation of tablets for amine
containing basic drugs to avoid discoloration of the tablets?
(A)Dicalcium phosphate (B)Microcrystalline cellulose
(C)Starch (D)Lactose
Ans.D

Q.47 The ability of human eye using illuminated area to detect a particle is
limited to
(A)0.4 micron (B)25 micron (C)50 micron (D)10 micron
Ans.

Q.48 What quantities of 95 % v/v and 45 % v/v alcohols are to be mixed to make
800 mL of 65 % v/v alcohol?
(A)480 mL of 95 % and 320 mL of 45 % alcohol 4
(B)320 mL of 95 % and 480 mL of 45 % alcohol
(C)440 mL of 95 % and 360 mL of 45 % alcohol
(D)360 mL of 95 % and 440 mL of 45 % alcohol
Ans.B

Q.49 The role of borax in cold creams is
(A)anti-microbial agent
(B)to provide fine particles to polish skin
(C)in-situ emulsifier
(D)antioxidant
Ans.A

Q.50 Choose the right combination:
(A)Quinine', antimalarial, isoquinoline alkaloid
(B)Reserpine, -antihypertensive, indole alkaloid
(C)Quantitative microscopy, stomatal number, myrrh
(D)Palmitic acid, salicylic acid , fatty acids
Ans.B

Q.51 Triterpenoids are active constituents of
(A)Jaborandi (B)Rhubarb (C)Stramonium (D)Brahmi
Ans.D

Q.52 Alkaloids are NOT precipitated by
(A)Mayer's reagent (B)Dragendroff Reagent (C)Picric acid (D)Millon's reagent
Ans.D

Q.53 Anisocytic stomata are present in
(A)Senna (B)Digitalis (C)Belladonna (D)Coca
Ans.C

Q.54 Bacopa monnieri plant belongs to the family
(A)Scrophulariacea (B) Leguminosae (C) Polygalaceae (D) Rubiaceae
Ans.A

Q.55 Tropane alkaloids are NOT present in
(A)Datura stramonium (B)Erythroxylum coca
(C)Duboisia myoporoides (D)Lobelia inflata
Ans.D

Q.56 Guggul lipids are obtained from
(A)Commiphora molmol (B)Boswellia serrata
(C)Commiphora wightii (D)Commiphora abyssinica
Ans.C

Q.57 An example of N-glycoside is
(A)Adenosine (B)Sinigrin (C)Rhein-8-glucoside (D)Aloin
Ans.A

Q.58 One mg of Lycopodium spores used in quantitative microscopy contains an
average of
(A)94,000 spores (B)92,000 spores (C)90,000 spores (D)91,000 spores
Ans.A

Q.59 Select the correc: combination of drugs for the treatment of patients
suffering from Hepatitis C :
(A)Interferon withRibavirin (B)Interferon with Zidovudine
(C)Interferon with Stavudine (D)Interferon with Lamivudine
Ans.B

Q.60 Aliskiren acts by
(A)inhibiting the conversion of Angiotensin I to II
(B)inhibiting the release of rennin
(C)inhibiting the binding of Angiotensin II to the receptor
(D)inhibiting the action of aldosterone
Ans.B

Q.61 Digitalis toxicity is enhanced by co-administration of
(A)Potassium (B)Quinidine (C)Diuretics (D)Antacids
Ans.B & C

Q.62 The rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis is one of the followings :
(A)LDL-receptor concentration (B)VLDL secretion
(c)Mevalonic acid formation (D)Co-enzyme A formation
Ans.C

Q.63 Which one of the following drugs is withdrawn from the market due to torsade
de pointes?
(A)Chlorpromazine (B)Astemizole (C)Haloperidol (D)Domperidone
Ans.B

Q.64 Ganciclovir is mainly used for the treatment of infection caused by
(A)Cytomegalovirus (B)Candida albicans
(C)Herpes zoster virus (D)Hepatitis B virus
Ans.A & C

Q.65 Identify the one rational combination which has clinical benefit :
(A)Norfloxacin -Metronidazole (B)Alprazolam -Paracetamol
(C)Cisapride –Omeprazole (D)Amoxycillin -Clavulanic acid
Ans.D

Q.66 Stevens Johnson syndrome is the most common adverse effect associated with
one of the following category of drugs :
(A)Sulphonamides (B)Macrolides (C)Penicillins (D)Tetracyclines
Ans.A

Q.67 Amitryptyline is synthesized from the following starting material :
(A)Phthalic anhydride (B)Terephthalic acid
(C)Phthalamic acid (D)Phthalimide
Ans.B

Q.68 The common structural feature amongst the three categories of anticonvulsant
drugs barbiturates,succinimides and hydantoins is
(A)ureide (B)imidazolidinone (C)dihydropyrimidine (D)tetrahydropyrimidine
Ans.A

Q.69 Nicotinic action of acetylcholine is blocked by the drug
(A)Atropine (B)Carvedilol (C)Neostigmine (D)d-Tubocurarine
Ans.D

Q.70 Chemical nomenclature of procaine is
(A)2-Diethylaminoethyl 4-aminobenzoate
(B)N,N-Diethyl 4-aminobenzoate
(C)4-Aminobenzamidoethyl amine
(D)4-Amino-2-diethylaminoethyl benzoate
Ans.A & D

Q.71 Barbiturates with substitutionat the following position possess acceptable
hypnotic activity :
(A)1,3-Disubstitution (B)5,5-Disubstitution
(C)1,5-Disubstitution (D)3,3-Disubstitution
Ans.B

Q.72 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is
(A)Imipramine (B)Iproniazide (C)Fluoxetin (D)Naphazoline
Ans.C

Q.73 Proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole and lansoprazole contain the
following ring system :
(A)Pyrimidine (B)Benzimidazole (C)Benzothiazole (D)Oxindole
Ans.B

Q.74 A metabolite obtained from Aspergillus terreus that can bind very tightly
to HMG CoA reductase enzyme is
(A)Fluvastatin (B)Cerivastatin (C)Lovastatin (D)Somatostatin
Ans.C

Q.75 Cyclophosphamide as anticancer agent acts as
(A)alkylating agent before metabolism
(B)alkylating agent after metabolism
(C)phosphorylating agent after metabolism
(D)DNA intercalating agent
Ans.B

Q.76 Artemisinin contains the following group in its structure :
(A)an endoperoxide (B)an exoperoxide (C)an epoxide (D)an acid hydrazide
Ans.A

Q.77 Indicate the HPLC detector that is most sensitive to change in temperature :
(A)PDA detector (B)Refractive Index detector
(C)Electrochemical detector (D)Fluorescence detector
Ans. B

Q.78 One of the following statements is NOT true :
(A)Accuracy expresses the correctness of measurement
(B)Precision represents reproducibility of measurement
(C)High degree of precision implies high degree of accuracy also
(D)High degree of accuracy implies high degree of precesion also
Ans.C

Q.79 In thiazides following substituent is essential for diuretic activity :
(A)Chloro group at position 6
(B)Methyl group at position 2
(C)Sulphamoyl group at position 7
(D)Hydrophobic group at position 3
Ans.C

Q.80 Streptomycin can NOT be given orally for treatment of tuberculosis because
(A)it gets degraded in the GIT
(B)it causes severe diarrhoea
(C)it causes metallic tastein the mouth
(D)it is not absorbed from the GIT
Ans.D

Q.81 In organic molecules, fluorescence seldom results from absorption of UV
radiation of wavelengths lower than
(A)350 nm (B)200 nm (C)300 nm (D)250 nm
Ans.A

Q.82 Glass transition temperature is detected through
(A)X-Ray diffractometery (B)Solution calorimetery
(C)Differential scanning calorimetery (D)Thermogravimetric analysis
Ans.C


Q.83 In Gas-Liquid Chromatography, some of the samples need to be derivatized in
order to increase their
(A)volatility (B)solubility (C)thermal conductivity (D)polarizability
Ans.D

Q.84 Oxidative phosphorylation involves
(A)Electron transport system
(B)Substrate level phosphorylation
(C)Reaction catalyzed by succinic thiokinase in TCA cycle
(D)None of the above
Ans.A

Q.85 Coulter counter is used in determination of
(A)particle surface area (B)particle size (C)particle volume (D)all of A, B,C
Ans.D


Q.86 Drugs following one compartment open model pharmacokinetics eliminate
(A)bi-exponentially (B)tri-exponentially
(C)non-exponentially (D)mono-exponentially
Ans.D

Q.87 The temperature condition for storage of drug products under cold
temperature is given as :
(A)temperature between 8°C and 25°C (B)temperature below 20°C
(C)temperature at 0°C (D)temperature between 2cCandS:C
Ans.D

Q.88 Many xenobiotics are oxidized by cytochrome P450 in order to
(A)increase their biological activity
(B)increase their disposition in lipophilic compartments of the body
(C)increase their aqueous solubility
(D)all of the above
Ans.D


Q.89 The following protein/polypeptide has a quaternary structure :
(A)cc-Chymotrypsin (B)Hemoglobin (C)Insulin (D)Myoglobin
Ans.B

Q.90 Drugs in suspensions and semi-solid formulations always degrade by
(A)first order kinetics (B)second order kinetics
(C)zero order kinetics (D)non-linear kinetics
Ans.

Q.91 In nail polish, following polymer is used as a film-former :
(A)Nitrocellulose (B)Polylactic acid
(C)Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (D)Cellulose acetate phthalate
Ans.A

Q.92 Rabies vaccine (living) is prepared using
(A)Sheep blood (B)Mice lymph (C)Horse plasma (D)Fertile eggs
Ans.

Q.93 A drug (200 mg dose) administered in tablet form and as intravenous
injection (50 mg dose) showed AUG of 100 and 200 microgram hr/mL,
respectively. The absolute availability of the drug through oral
administration is :
(A)125% (B)250 % (C)12.5% (D)1.25%
Ans.C


Q.94 Geriatric population shouldbe included in the following Phase of clinical
trials
(A)Phase I (B)Phase II (C)Phase III (D)Phase IV
Ans.C

Q.95 Class 100 area is referred to
(A)Manufacturing area (B)Aseptic area
(C)Clean room (D)Ware house
Ans.B

Q.96 How many mL of a 1:500 w/v stock solution should be used to make 5 liters of
1:2000 w/v solution?
(A)750 mL (B)1000 mL (c)1250 mL (D)1500 mL
Ans.C

Q.97 The Volumeof distribution of a drug administered at a dose of 300 mg and
exhibiting 30 microgram/mL instantaneous concentration in plasma shall be
(A)10 L (B)100 L (C)1.0 L (D)0.10 L
Ans.A

Q.98 It is required to maintain a therapeutic concentration of 10 microgram/mL
for 12 hours of a drug having half life of 1.386 hr and Vd of 5 L. The dose
required in a sustained release product will be
(A)600 mg (B)300 mg (C)30 mg (D)60 mg
Ans.

Q.99 Which one of the following is NOT an ex-officio member of Pharmacy Council
of India?
(A)The Director General of Health Services
(B)The Director of Central Drugs Laboratory
(C)The Drugs Controller General of India
(D)The Director of Pharmacopoeia Laboratory
Ans.D

Q.100 In which of the following techniques the sample is kept below triple point?
(A)Lyophilization (B)Spray drying
(C)Spray congealing (D)Centrifugation
Ans.A


Monday, December 20, 2010

GPAT 2011 SYLLABUS


PHARMACEUTICS

Introduction to Physical pharmacy; Matter, Properties of Matter:
State of matter, change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor pressure, sublimation-critical point, Eutectic mixtures, gases, aerosols-inhalers, relative humidity, liquid. complexes, liquid crystals, glassy state, solids- crystalline, amorphous and polymorphism.
Micromeretics and Powder Rheology:
Particle size and distribution, average particle size, number and weight distribution, particle number, methods for determining particle volume, methods of determining particle size- optical microscopy, sieving, sedimentation; measurements of particle shape, specific surface area; methods for determining surface area; permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders, porosity, packing arrangement, densities, bulkiness & flow properties.
Surface and Interfacial Phenomenon:
Liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions, surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, spreading coefficient, adsorption at liquid interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification, solubilization, detergency, adsorption at solid interfaces, solid-gas and solid-liquid interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of interface.
Viscosity and Rheology:
Newtonian systems, Law of flow, kinematic viscosity, effect of temperature; non-Newtonian systems: pseudoplastic, dilatant, plastic; thixotropy, thixotropy in formulation, negative thixotropy, determination of viscosity, capillary, falling ball, rotational viscometers.
Dispersion Systems:
Colloidal dispersions: Definition, types, properties of colloids, protective colloids, applications of colloids in pharmacy; Suspensions and Emulsions: Interfacial properties of suspended particles, settling in suspensions, theory of sedimentation, effect of Brownian motion, sedimentation of flocculated particles, sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles, rheological considerations; Emulsions-types, theories, physical stability.
Complexation:
Classification of complexes, methods of preparation and analysis, applications.
Kinetics and Drug Stability:
General considerations & concepts, half-life determination, Influence of temperature, light, solvent, catalytic species and other factors, Accelerated stability study, expiration dating.

Importance of microbiology in pharmacy; Structure of bacterial cell; Classification of microbes and their taxonomy:
Actinomycetes, bacteria, rickettsiae, spirochetes and viruses;
Identification of Microbes:
Stains and types of staining techniques, electron microscopy; Nutrition, cultivation, isolation of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, viruses, etc; Microbial genetics and variation;
Control of microbes by physical and chemical methods:
Disinfection, factors influencing disinfectants, dynamics of disinfection, disinfectants and antiseptics and their evaluation;
Sterilization:
different methods, validation of sterilization methods & equipments; Sterility testing of all pharmaceutical products. Microbial assays of antibiotics, vitamins & amino acids.

Immunology and Immunological Preparations:
Principles, antigens and heptans, immune system, cellular/humoral immunity, immunological tolerance, antigen-antibody reactions and their applications. Hypersensitivity, active and passive immunization. Vaccines and sera: their preparation, standardization and storage.
Genetic Recombination:
Transformation, conjugation, transduction, protoplast fusion and gene cloning and their applications. Development of hybridoma for monoclonal antibodies. Study of drugs produced by biotechnology such as Activase, Humulin, Humatrope, HB etc;
Antibiotics:
Historical development of antibiotics. Antimicrobial spectrum and methods used for their standardization. Screening of soil for organisms producing antibiotics, fermenter, its design, control of different parameters. Isolation of mutants, factors influencing rate of mutation. Design of fermentation process. Isolation of fermentation products with special reference to penicillins, streptomycins tetracyclines and vitamin B12.

Introduction to pharmaceutical jurisprudence & ethics :

Pharmaceutical Legislations - A brief review; Drugs & Pharmaceutical Industry - A brief review; Pharmaceutical Education - A brief review;
An elaborate study of the followings:
Pharmaceutical Ethics; Pharmacy Act 1948; Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940 and Rules 1945; Medicinal & Toilet Preparations (Excise Duties) Act 1955; Narcotic Drugs & Psychotropic Substances Act 1985 & Rules; Drugs Price Control Order;
A brief study of the following Acts with special reference to the main provisions and the latest amendments:
Poisons Act 1919; Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable Advertisements) Act 1954; Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act 1970 & Rules 1975; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 1960; States Shops & Establishments Act & Rules; Insecticides Act 1968; AICTE Act 1987; Factories Act 1948; Minimum Wages Act 1948; Patents Act 1970. A brief study of the various Prescription/Non-prescription Products. Medical/Surgical accessories, diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.

Introduction to dispensing and community pharmacy; Prescription:
Handling of prescription, source of errors in prescription, care required in dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products. General dispensing procedures including labeling of dispensed products; Pharmaceutical calculations: Posology, calculation of doses for infants, adults and elderly patients; Enlarging and reducing recipes percentage solutions, alligation, alcohol dilution, proof spirit, isotonic solutions, displacement value etc;
Principles involved and procedures adopted in dispensing of :
Typical prescriptions like mixtures, solutions, emulsions, creams, ointments, powders, capsules, pastes, jellies, suppositories, ophthalmic, pastilles, lozenges, pills, lotions, liniments, inhalations, paints sprays tablet triturates, etc;
Incompatibilities:
Physical and chemical incompatibilities, inorganic incompatibilities including incompatibilities of metals and their salts, non-metals, acids, alkalis, organic incompatibilities. Purine bases, alkaloids, pyrazolone derivatives, amino acids, quaternary ammonium compounds, carbohydrates, glycosides, anesthetics, dyes, surface active agents, correction of incompatibilities. Therapeutic incompatibilities;
Community Pharmacy:
Organization and structure of retail and whole sale drug store-types of drug store and design, legal requirements for establishment, maintenance and drug store-dispensing of proprietary products, maintenance of records of retail and wholesale, patient counseling, role of pharmacist in community health care and education (First aid, communicable diseases, nutrition, family planning).

Organization and Structure of hospital pharmacy:
Organization of a hospital and hospital pharmacy, Responsibilities of a hospital pharmacist, Pharmacy and therapeutic committee, Budget preparation and Implementation.
Hospital Formulary:
Contents, preparation and revision of hospital formulary.
Drug Store Management and Inventory Control:
Organization of drug store, Types of materials stocked, storage conditions; Purchase and Inventory Control principles, purchase procedures, Purchase order, Procurement and stocking; Drug distribution Systems in Hospitals:
Out-patient dispensing, methods adopted; Dispensing of drugs to in-patients. Types of drug distribution systems. Charging policy, labeling; Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients; Dispensing of controlled drugs, Dispensing of ancillary supplies; Central Sterile Supply Unit and their Management:
Types of materials for sterilization, Packing of materials prior to sterilization, sterilization equipments, Supply of sterile materials.
Manufacture of Sterile and Non-sterile Products:
Policy making of manufacturable items, demand and costing, personnel requirements, manufacturing practice, Master formula Card, production control, Manufacturing records.
Drug Information Services:

Sources' of Information on drugs, disease, treatment schedules, procurement of information, Computerized services (e.g., MEDLINE), Retrieval of information, Medication error- types of medication errors, correction and reporting.
Records and Reports:
Prescription filling, drug profile, patient medication profile, cases on drug interaction and adverse reactions, idiosyncratic cases. Pharmacoeconomics: Introduction to pharmacoeconomics, different methods of pharmacoeconomics, application of pharmacoeconomics. Pharmacoepidemiology: Definition and scope, method to conduct pharmacoepidemiological studies, advantages & disadvantages of pharmacoepidemiological studies.
Nuclear Pharmacy:
Methods of handling radioisotopes, radioisotope committee.

Importance of unit operations in manufacturing; Stoichiometry:
Unit processes material and energy balances, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substance, gas laws, mole volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different types of graphic representation, mathematical problems.
Fluid Flow:
Types of flow, Reynold's number, Viscosity, Concept of boundary layer, basic equations of fluid flow, valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure.
Heat transfer:

Concept of heat flow, applications of Fourier’s law, forced and natural convection, surface coefficients, boiling liquids, condensing vapors, heat exchangers, heat interchangers, radiation, black body, Stefan Boltzmann equation, Kirchoff’s law.
Evaporation:
Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect and multiple effect evaporators, Mathematical problems on evaporation.
Distillation:
Roult's law, phase diagrams, volatility; simple steam and flash distillations, principles of rectification, Mc-Cabe Thiele method for calculations of number of theoretical plates, Azeotropic and extractive distillation.
Drying:
Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of drying and time of drying calculations; classification and types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries and special drying methods.
Size Reduction:
Definition, objectives of size reduction, mechanisms of size reduction, factors affecting size reduction, laws governing energy and power requirements of a mills including ball mill, hammer mill, fluid energy mill. Size separation: Different techniques of size separation, sieves, sieve shakers, sedimentation tank, cyclone separators, bag fillers etc.
Mixing:
Theory of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid mixing equipments.
Filtration and Centrifugation:
Theory of filtration, continuous and batch filters, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters including filter press, rotary filter, edge filter, etc. Factors affecting filtration, filtration, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters, and centrifugal sedimenters;
Crystallization:
Characteristics of crystals like-purity, size, shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting them, Solubility curves and calculation of yields. Material and heat balances around Swenson Walker Crystallizer. Supersaturation, theory and its limitations, Nucleation mechanisms, crystal growth. Study of various types of Crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, Swenson Walker, Single vacuum, circulating magma and Krystal Crystallizer, Caking of crystals and its prevention. Numerical problems on yields;
Dehumidification and Humidity Control:
Basic concepts and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, Hygrometric chart and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for dehumidificat4ion operations;
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning:
Principle and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning;
Material of Construction :
General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, Properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel and glass.
Material Handling Systems:
Liquid handling - Different types of pumps, Gas handling-Various types of fans, blowers and compressors, Solid handling-Bins, Bunkers, Conveyers, Air transport.
Corrosion:
Classification, mechanism of corrosion, factors affecting, prevention and control.
Plant location:
Layout, utilities and services.
Industrial Hazards and Safety Precautions:
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, fire and dust hazards. Industrial dermatitis, Accident records etc.
Automated Process Control Systems:
Process variables, temperature, pressure, flow, level and vacuum and their measurements; elements of automatic process control and introduction to automatic process control systems; elements of computer aided manufacturing (CAM). Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design for chemical reactions.

Liquid Dosages Forms:
Introduction, types of additives used in formulations, vehicles, stabilizers, preservatives, suspending agents, emulsifying agents, solubilizers, colors, flavors and others, manufacturing packaging, labeling, evaluation of clear liquids, suspensions and emulsions official in pharmacopoeia;
Semisolid Dosage Forms:
Definitions, types, mechanisms of drug penetration, factors influencing penetration, semisolid bases and their selection. General formulation of semisolids, clear gels manufacturing procedure, evaluation and packaging;
Suppositories:
Ideal requirements, bases, displacement value, manufacturing procedure, packaging and evaluation;
Extraction and Galenical Products:
Principle and method of extraction, preparation of infusion, tinctures, dry and soft liquid extracts;
Blood Products and Plasma Substitutes:
Collection, processing and storage of whole human blood, concentrated human RBCs, dried human plasma, human fibrinogen, human thrombin, human normal immunoglobulin, human fibrin, foam plasma substitutes, -ideal requirements, PVP, dextran etc. for control of blood pressure as per I.P.;
Pharmaceutical Aerosols:
Definition, propellants, general formulation, manufacturing' and packaging methods, pharmaceutical applications;
Ophthalmic Preparations:
Requirements, formulation, methods of preparation, labeling, containers, evaluation;
Cosmeticology and Cosmetic Preparations:
Fundamentals of cosmetic science, structure and functions of skin and hair. Formulation, preparation and packaging of cosmetics for skin, hair, dentifrice and manicure preparations like nail polish, nail polish remover, Lipsticks, eye lashes, baby care products etc.
Capsules:
Advantages and disadvantages of capsule dosage form, material for production of hard gelatin capsules, size of capsules, formulation, method of capsule filling, soft gelatin, capsule shell and capsule content, importance of base absorption and minimum/gm factors in soft capsules, quality control, stability testing and storage of capsule dosage forms.
Micro-encapsulation:
Types of microcapsules, importance of microencapsulation in pharmacy, microencapsulation by phase separation, coacervation, multi-orifice, spray drying, spray congealing, polymerization complex emulsion, air suspension technique, coating pan and other techniques, evaluation of micro capsules.
Tablets:
Advantages and disadvantages of tablets, Application of different types of tablets, Formulation of different types of tablets, granulation, technology on large-scale by various techniques, different types of tablet compression machinery and the equipments employed, evaluation of tablets. Coating of Tablets: Types of coating, film forming materials, formulation of coating solution, equipments for coating, coating process, evaluation of coated tablets. Stability kinetics and quality assurance.
Parenteral Products:
Pre-formulation factors, routes of administration, water for injection, and sterile water for injection, pyrogenicity, non aqueous vehicles, isotonicity and methods of its adjustment, Formulation details, Containers and closures and selection, labeling; Pre-filling treatment, washing of containers and closures, preparation of solution and suspensions, filling and closing of ampoules, vials, infusion fluids, lyophilization & preparation of sterile powders, equipment for large scale manufacture and evaluation of parenteral products; Aseptic Techniques-source of contamination and methods of prevention, Design of aseptic area, Laminar flow bench services and maintenance. Sterility testing of pharmaceuticals.
Surgical products:
Definition, primary wound dressing, absorbents, surgical cotton, surgical gauzes etc., bandages, adhesive tape, protective cellulosic hemostastics, official dressings, absorbable and non-absorbable sutures, ligatures and catguts.
Packaging of Pharmaceutical Products:
Packaging components, types, specifications and methods of evaluation, stability aspects of packaging. Packaging equipments, factors influence choice of containers, legal and official requirements for containers, package testing.

Designing of dosage forms; Pre-formulation studies:
Study of physical properties of drug like physical form, particle size, shape, density, wetting, dielectric constant. Solubility, dissolution and organoleptic properties and their effect on formulation, stability and bioavailability. Study of chemical properties of drugs like hydrolysis, oxidation, reduction, racemization, polymerization etc., and their influence on formulation and stability of products. Study of pro-drugs in solving problems related to stability, bioavailability and elegancy of formulations. Design, development and process validation methods for pharmaceutical operations involved in the production of pharmaceutical products with special reference to tablets, suspensions. Stabilization and stability testing protocol for various pharmaceutical products. ICH Guidelines for stability testing of formulations.
Performance evaluation methods:
In-vitro dissolution studies for solid dosage forms methods, interpretation of dissolution data. Bioavailability studies and bioavailability testing protocol and procedures. In vivo methods of evaluation and statistical treatment. GMP and quality assurance, Quality audit. Design, development, production and evaluation of controlled/sustained/extended release formulations.

Biopharmaceutics:
Passage of drugs across biological barrier (passive diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion, ion-pair formation and pinocytosis); Factors influencing absorption- biological, physico-chemical, physiological and pharmaceutical; Drug distribution in the body, plasma protein binding.
Pharmacokinetics:
Significance of plasma drug concentration measurement. Compartment model- Definition and Scope. Pharmacokinetics of drug absorption - Zero order and first order absorption rate constant using Wagner-Nelson and residual methods. Volume of distribution and distribution coefficient. Compartment kinetics- One compartment and two compartment models. Determination of pharmacokinetic parameters from plasma and urine data after drug administration by intravascular and oral route. Clearance concept, mechanism of renal clearance, clearance ratio, determination of renal clearance. Extraction ratio, hepatic clearance, biliary excretion, extra-hepatic circulation. Non-linear pharmacokinetics with special reference to one compartment model after I.V. drug administration.
Clinical Pharmacokinetics:
Definition and scope: Dosage adjustment in patients with and without renal and hepatic failure; Design of single dose bio-equivalence study and relevant statistics; Pharmacokinetic drug interactions and their significance in combination therapy.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence:
Measures of bioavailability, Cmax, tmax, Keli and Area Under the Curve (AUC); Design of single dose bioequivalence study and relevant statistics; Review of regulatory requirements for conducting bioequivalent studies. Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) of drugs.

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY

Importance of inorganic compounds in pharmacy and medicine;
An outline of methods of preparation, uses, sources of impurities, tests for purity and identity, including limit tests for iron, arsenic, lead, heavy metals, chloride, sulphate and special tests if any, of the following classes of inorganic pharmaceuticals included in Indian Pharmacopoeia:
Gastrointestinal Agents:

Acidifying agents, Antacids, Protectives and Adsorbents, Cathartics;
Major Intra- and Extra-cellular Electrolytes:
Physiological ions. Electrolytes used for replacement therapy, acid-base balance and combination therapy;
Essential and Trace Elements:
Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance, Iron and haematinics, mineral supplements; Cationic and anionic components of inorganic drugs useful for systemic effects;
Topical Agents:
Protectives, Astringents and Anti-infectives;
Gases and Vapors:
Oxygen, Anesthetics (inorganic) and Respiratory stimulants;
Dental Products:
Dentifrices, Anti-caries agents; Complexing and chelating agents used in therapy;
Miscellaneous Agents:
Sclerosing agents, Expectorants, Emetics, Inorganic poisons and antidotes.
Pharmaceutical Aids Used in Pharmaceutical Industry:
Anti-oxidants, Preservatives, Filter aids, Adsorbents, Diluents, Excipients, Suspending agents, Colorants;
Acids, Bases and Buffers:
Buffer equations and buffer capacity in general, buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparation, stability, buffered isotonic solutions, measurements of tonicity, calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity. Water;
Inorganic Radiopharmaceuticals:
Nuclear reaction, radioisotopes, radiopharmaceuticals, Nomenclature, Methods of obtaining their standards and units of activity, half-life, measurement of activity, clinical applications, dosage, hazards and precautions.

Importance of basic fundamentals of physical chemistry in pharmacy; Behaviour of Gases:
Kinetic theory of gases, deviation from ideal behavior and explanation;
The Liquid State:
Physical properties (surface tension, parachor, viscosity, refractive index, dipole moment);
Solutions:
Ideal and real solutions, solutions of gases in liquids, colligative properties, partition coefficient, conductance and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory;
Thermodynamics:
First, Second and Third laws, Zeroth law, Concept of free energy, enthalpy and entropy, absolute temperature scale;
Thermochemical equations; Phase rule; Adsorption:
Freudlich and Gibbs adsorption, isotherms, Langmuir’s theory of adsorption;
Photochemistry:
Consequences of light absorption, Jabolenski diagram, Quantum efficiency;
Chemical Kinetics:
Zero, First and Second order reactions, complex reactions, theories of reaction kinetics, characteristics of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, acid base and enzyme catalysis;
Quantum Mechanics :
Postulates of quantum mechanics, operators in quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger wave equation.

oImprtance of fundamentals of organic chemistry in pharmaceutical sciences; Structure and Properties:

Atomic structure, Atomic orbitals, Molecular orbital theory, wave equation, Molecular orbitals, Bonding and Anti-bonding orbitals, Covalent bond, Hybrid orbitals, Intramolecular forces, Bond dissociation energy, Polarity of bonds, Polarity of molecules, Structure and physical properties, Intermolecular forces, Acids and bases;
Stereochemistry:
Nomenclature, isomerism, stereoisomerism, conformational and configurational isomerism, optical activity, specification of configuration, Reactions involving stereoisomers, chirality, conformations;
Stereoselective and stereospecific reactions; Structure, Nomenclature, Preparation and Reactions of:
Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic analogs, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes, Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones, Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of' carboxylic acids, a,ß-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes;
Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions:
Reactivity and orientation;
Electrophilic and Nucleophilic Addition Reactions; Rearrangements
(Beckman, Hoffman, Benzilic acid, pinacole-pinacolone and Beyer-Villiger);
Elimination reactions; Conservation of Orbital Symmetry and Rules:
Electrocyclic, Cycloaddition and Sigmatropic reactions;
Neighboring group effects; Catalysis by transition metal complexes; Heterocyclic Compounds:
Nomenclature, preparation, properties and reactions of 3, 4, 5, 6 & 7-membered heterocycles with one or two heteroatoms like 0, N, S. Chemistry of lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins.

Biochemistry in pharmaceutical sciences; The concept of free energy:
Determination of change in free energy - from equilibrium constant and reduction potential, bioenergetics, production of ATP and its biological significance;
:Enzymes
Nomenclature, enzyme kinetics and their mechanism of action, mechanism of inhibition, enzymes and iso-enzymes in clinical diagnosis;
Co-enzymes:
Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance. Metals as cofactors and their significance; Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharides to glucose-1-phosphate, Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, Role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis, and Pentose phosphate pathway;
The Citric Acid Cycle:
Significance, reactions and energetics of the cycle, Amphibolic role of the cycle, and Glyoxalic acid cycle;
Lipids Metabolism :
Oxidation of fatty acids, ß-oxidation & energetics, biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization, biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid metabolism, Essential fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), phospholipids, and sphingolipids, Biosynthesis of eicosanoids, cholesterol, androgens, progesterone, estrogens corticosteroids and bile acids;
Biological Oxidation:
Redox-potential, enzymes and co-enzymes involved in oxidation reduction & its control, The respiratory chain, its role in energy capture and its control, energetics of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors of respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation, Mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation;
Metabolism of ammonia and nitrogen containing monomers:
Nitrogen balance, Biosynthesis of amino acids, Catabolism of amino acids, Conversion of amino acids to specialized products, Assimilation of ammonia, Urea. cycle, metabolic disorders of urea cycle, Metabolism of sulphur containing amino acids;
Purine biosynthesis:
Purine nucleotide inter-conversions;
Pyrimidine biosynthesis:
and formation of deoxyribounucleotides;
Biosynthesis of Nucleic Acids:
Brief introduction of genetic organization of the mammalian genome, alteration and rearrangements of genetic material, Biosynthesis of DNA and its replications;
Mutation:
Physical & chemical mutagenesis/carcinogenesis, DNA repair mechanism. Biosynthesis of RNA;
Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis:
Genetic code, Components of protein synthesis and Inhibition of protein synthesis.

Basic Principles of Medicinal Chemistry:

Physico-chemical and stereoisomeric (Optical, geometrical) aspects of drug molecules and biological action, Bioisosterism, Drug-receptor interactions including transduction mechanisms;
Drug metabolism and Concept of Prodrugs; Principles of Drug Design (Theoretical Aspects):
Traditional analog and mechanism based approaches, QSAR approaches, Applications of quantum mechanics, Computer Aided Drug Designing (CADD) and molecular modeling;
Synthetic Procedures, Mode of Action, Uses, Structure Activity Relationships including Physicochemical Properties of the Following Classes of Drugs:
Drugs acting at synaptic and neuro-effector junction sites: Cholinergics, anti-cholinergics and cholinesterase inhibitors, Adrenergic drugs, Antispasmodic and anti-ulcer drugs, Local Anesthetics, Neuromuscular blocking agents;
Autacoids:
Antihistamines, Eicosanoids, Analgesic-antipyretics, Anti-inflammatory (non-steroidal) agents.
Steroidal Drugs:
Steroidal nomenclature (IUPAC) and stereochemistry, Androgens and anabolic agents, Estrogens and Progestational agents, Oral contraceptives, Adrenocorticoids;
Drugs acting on the central nervous system:
General Anesthetics, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Anticonvulsants, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Psychopharmacological agents (Neuroleptics, Anti-depressants, Anxiolytics), Opioid analgesics, Anti-tussives, CNS stimulants;
Diuretics; Cardiovascular drugs:
Anti-hypertensives, Anti-arrythmic agents, anti-anginal agents, Cardiotonics, Anti-hyperlipedemic agents, Anticoagulants and Anti-platelet drugs;
Thyroid and Anti thyroid drugs; Insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents;
Chemotherapeutic Agents used in bacterial, fungal, viral, protozoal, parasitic and other infections, Antibiotics: ß-Lactam, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, polypeptide antibiotics, fluoroquinolones,
Anti-metabolites
(including sulfonamides); Anti-neoplastic agents; Anti-viral agents (including anti–HIV);
Immunosuppressives and immunostimulants; Diagnostic agents; Pharmaceutical Aids; Microbial Transformations:
Introduction, types of reactions mediated by micro-organisms, design of biotransformation processes, selection of organisms, biotransformation process and its improvements with special reference to steroids;
Enzyme Immobilization:
Techniques of immobilization, factors affecting enzyme kinetics, Study of enzymes such as hyaluronidase, penicillinase, streptokinase, amylases and proteases, Immobilization of bacteria and plant cells.

Different techniques of pharmaceutical analysis, Preliminaries and definitions:
Significant figures, Rules for retaining significant digits, Types of errors, Mean deviation, Standard deviation, Statistical treatment of small data sets, Selection of sample, Precision and accuracy,
Fundamentals of volumetric analysis:
methods of expressing concentration, primary and secondary standards:
Acid Base Titrations:
Acid base concepts, Role of solvents, Relative strengths of acids and bases, Ionization, Law of mass action, Common ion effect, Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid-base indicators, Theory of indicators, Choice of indicators, Mixed indicators, Polyprotic systems, Polyamine and amino acid systems, Amino acid titrations;
Oxidation Reduction Titrations:
Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, Theory of redox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations, Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry, Titrations involving cerric ammonium sulphate, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanous chloride, stannous chloride and Sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol;
Precipitation Titrations:
Precipitation reactions, Solubility product, Effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate, Argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or potassium thiocyanate, mercuric nitrate, and barium sulphate, indicators, Methods of end point determination (GayLussac method, Mohr’s method, Volhard's method and Fajan's method).
Gravimetric Analysis:
Precipitation techniques, The colloidal state, Supersaturation, Co-precipitation, Post-precipitation, Digestion, washing of the precipitate, Filtration, Filter papers and crucibles, Ignition, Thermogravimetric curves, Specific examples like barium sulphate, aluminium as aluminium oxide, calcium as calcium oxalate and magnesium as magnesium pyrophosphate, Organic precipitants;
Non-aqueous titrations:
Acidic and basic drugs, Solvents used, Indicators;
Complexometric titrations;
Complexing agents used as titrants, Indicators, Masking and demasking;
Miscellaneous Methods of Analysis:
Diazotization titrations, Kjeldahl method of nitrogen estimation, Karl-Fischer aquametry, Oxygen flask combustion method, Gasometry;
Extraction procedures including separation of drugs from excipients; Potentiometry:
Standard redox potential, Nernst equation, Half-cell potential, Standard and indicating electrodes, potentiometric titrations;
Conductometry:
Specific and equivalent conductance, conductometric titrations;
Coulometry:
Coulomb’s law, Coulometric titrations at fixed potential/current;
Polarography:
Decomposition potential, Half-wave potential, Diffision/migration/migration current, Ilkovic equation, Cathodic/anodic polarography, Dropping mercury electrode, Graphite electrode, Organic polarography;
Amperometry:
Rotating platinum electrode, Amperometric titrations;
Chromatography:
Theory of chromatography, plate theory, Factors affecting resolution, van Deemter equation, The following chromatographic techniques (including instrumentation) with relevant examples of Pharmacopoeial products: TLC, HPLC, GLC, HPTLC, Paper Chromatography and Column Chromatography;
The Theoretical Aspects, Basic Instrumentation, Elements of Interpretation of Spectra, and Applications (quantitative and qualitative) of the Following Analytical Techniques:
Ultraviolet and visible spectrophotometry, Fluorimetry, Infrared spectrophotometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy, Mass Spectrometry (EI & CI only), Flame Photometry, Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction Analysis, Radioimmunoassay.
Quality assurance:
GLP, ISO 9000, TQM, Quality Review and Quality documentation, Regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis, interpretation of analytical data, Validation, quality audit: quality of equipment, validation of equipment, validation of analytical procedures.

PHARMACOLOGY

Pathophysiology of common diseases; Basic Principles of Cell Injury and Adaptations:
Causes of Cellular injury, pathogenesis, morphology of cell injury, adaptations and cell death.
Basic Mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair:
Vascular and cellular events of acute inflammation, chemical mediators of inflammation, pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, brief outline of the process of repair.
Immunopathophysiology:
T and B cells, MHC proteins, antigen presenting cells, immune tolerance, pathogenesis of hypersensitivity reactions, autoimmune diseases, AIDS, Amyloidosis.
Pathophysiology of Common Diseases:
Asthma, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, ulcerative colitis, neoplasia, psychosis, depression, mania, epilepsy, acute and chronic renal failure, hypertension, angina, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, peptic ulcer, anemias, hepatic disorders, tuberculosis, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases. Wherever applicable the molecular basis should be discussed.

Fundamentals of general pharmacology:
Dosage forms and routes of administration, mechanism of action, combined effect of drugs, factors modifying drug action, tolerance and dependence; Pharmacogenetics; Principles of Basic and Clinical pharmacokinetics, absorption, Distribution, Metabolism and Excretion of drugs, Adverse Drug Reactions; Bioassay of Drugs and Biological Standardization; Discovery and development of new drugs, Bioavailability and bioequivalence studies;
Pharmacology of Peripheral Nervous System:
Neurohumoral transmission (autonomic and somatic), Parasympathomimetics, Parasympatholytics, Sympathomimetics, Adrenergic receptor and neuron blocking agents, Ganglion stimulants and blocking agents, Neuromuscular blocking Agents, Local anesthetic Agents.
Pharmacology of Central Nervous System:
Neurohumoral transmission in the C.N.S., General Anesthetics, Alcohols and disulfiram, Sedatives, Hypnotics, Anti-anxiety agents and Centrally acting muscle relaxants, Psychopharmacological agents (anti-psychotics), anti-maniacs and hallucinogens, Antidepressants, Anti-epileptics drugs, Anti-Parkinsonian drugs, Analgesics, Antipyretics, Narcotic analgesics and antagonists, C.N.S. stimulants, Drug Addiction and Drug Abuse.
Pharmacology of Cardiovascular System:
Drugs used in the management of congestive cardiac failure, Antihypertensive drugs, Anti-anginal and Vasodilator drugs, including calcium channel blockers and beta adrenergic antagonists, Anti-arrhythmic drugs, Anti-hyperlipedemic drugs, Drugs used in the therapy of shock.
Drugs Acting on the Hemopoietic System:
Hematinics, Anticoagulants, Vitamin K and hemostatic agents, Fibrinolytic and anti-platelet drugs, Blood and plasma volume expanders.
Drugs acting on urinary system:
Fluid and electrolyte balance, Diuretics.
Autacoids:
Histamine, Antihistaminic drugs, 5-HT- its agonists and antagonists, Prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes, Angiotensin, Bradykinin and Substance P and other vasoactive peptides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and anti-gout agents.
Drugs Acting on the Respiratory System:
Anti-asthmatic drugs including bronchodilators, Anti-tussives and expectorants, Respiratory stimulants.
Drugs acting on the Gastrointestinal Tract:
Antacids, Anti-secretory and Anti-ulcer drugs, Laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal drugs, Appetite Stimulants and Suppressants, Emetics and anti-emetics, Miscellaneous: Carminatives, demulcents, protectives, adsorbents, astringents, digestants, enzymes and mucolytics.
Pharmacology of Endocrine System:
Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones, Thyroid hormones and anti thyroid drugs, parathormone, calcitonin and Vitamin D, Insulin, glucagons, incretins, oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin analogs, ACTH and corticosteroids, Androgens and anabolic steroids, Estrogens, progesterone and oral contraceptives, Drugs acting on the uterus.
Chemotherapy:
General Principles of Chemotherapy, Bacterial resistance; Sulfonamides and cotrimoxazole, Antibiotics- Penicillins, Cephalosporins, Aminoglycosides, Chloramphenicol, Macrolides, Tetracyclines, Quinolones, fluoroquinolones and Miscellaneous antibiotics; Chemotherapy of tuberculosis, leprosy, fungal diseases, viral diseases, HIV and AIDS, urinary tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases, malaria, amoebiasis and other protozoal infections and Anthelmentics. Chemotherapy of malignancy and immunosuppressive agents.
Principles of Toxicology:
Definition of poison, general principles of treatment of poisoning with particular reference to barbiturates, opioids, organophosphorous and atropine poisoning, Heavy metals and heavy metal antagonists.

Basic Concepts of Pharmacotherapy:
Clinical Pharmacokinetics and individualization of Drug therapy, Drug delivery systems and their Biopharmaceutic & Therapeutic considerations, Drugs used during infancy and in the elderly persons (Pediatrics & Geriatrics), Drugs used during pregnancy, Drug induced diseases, The basics of drug interactions, General principles of clinical toxicology, Common clinical laboratory tests and their interpretation;
Important Disorders of Organs, Systems and their Management:
Cardio-vascular disorders- Hypertension, Congestive heart failure, Angina, Acute myocardial infarction, Cardiac arrhythmias.
CNS Disorders:
Epilepsy, Parkinsonism, Schizophrenia,
Depression Respiratory disease-
Asthma.
Gastrointestinal Disorders-
Peptic ulcer, Ulcerative colitis, Hepatitis, Cirrhosis.
Endocrine Disorders-
Diabetes mellitus and Thyroid disorders.
Infectious Diseases-
Tuberculosis, Urinary tract infections, Enteric infections, Upper respiratory infections. Hematopoietic Disorders- Anemias,
Joint and Connective tissue disorders-
Rheumatic diseases, Gout and Hyperuricemia.
Neoplastic Diseases-
Acute Leukaemias, Hodgkin's disease. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Concept of Essential Drugs and Rational Drug use.

PHARMACOGNOSY

Sources of Drugs:
Biological, marine, mineral and plant tissue cultures as sources of drugs;
Classification of Drugs:
Morphological, taxonomical, chemical and pharmacological classification of drugs;
Study of medicinally important plants belonging to the families with special reference to:
Apocynacae, Solanaceae, Rutacease, Umbelliferae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Liliaceae, Graminae, Labiatae, Cruciferae, Papaveraceae;
Cultivation, Collection, Processing and Storage of Crude Drugs:
Factors influencing cultivation of medicinal plants, Types of soils and fertilizers of common use. Pest management and natural pest control agents, Plant hormones and their applications, Polyploidy, mutation and hybridization with reference to medicinal plants.
Quality Control of Crude Drugs:
Adulteration of crude drugs and their detection by organoleptic, microscopic, physical, chemical and biological methods and properties.
Introduction to Active Constituents of Drugs:
Their isolation, classification and properties.
Systematic pharmacognostic study of the followings:
CARBOHYDRATES and derived products:
agar, guar gum acacia, Honey, Isabagol, pectin, Starch, sterculia and Tragacanth;
Lipids:
Bees wax, Castor oil, Cocoa butter, Codliver oil, Hydnocarpus oil, Kokum butter, Lard, Linseed oil, Rice, Bran oil, Shark liver oil and Wool fat;
RESINS:
Study of Drugs Containing Resins and Resin Combinations like Colophony, podophyllum, jalap, cannabis, capsicum, myrrh, asafoetida, balsam of Tolu, balsam of Peru, benzoin, turmeric, ginger;
TANNINS:
Study of tannins and tannin containing drugs like Gambier, black catechu, gall and myrobalan;
VOLATILE OILS:
General methods of obtaining volatile oils from plants, Study of volatile oils of Mentha, Coriander, Cinnamon, Cassia, Lemon peel, Orange peel, Lemon grass, Citronella, Caraway, Dill, Spearmint, Clove, Fennel, Nutmeg, Eucalyptus, Chenopodium, Cardamom, Valerian, Musk, Palmarosa, Gaultheria, Sandal wood;
Phytochemical Screening:
Preparation of extracts, Screening of alkaloids, saponins, cardenolides and bufadienolides, flavonoids and leucoanthocyanidins, tannins and polyphenols, anthraquinones, cynogenetic glycosides, amino acids in plant extracts;
FIBERS:
Study of fibers used in pharmacy such as cotton, silk, wool, nylon, glass-wool, polyester and asbestos.

Study of the biological sources, cultivation, collection, commercial varieties, chemical constituents, substitutes, adulterants, uses, diagnostic macroscopic and microscopic features and specific chemical tests of following groups of drugs:
GLYCOSIDE CONTAINING DRUGS:
Saponins :
Liquorice, ginseng, dioscorea, sarsaparilla, and senega.
Cardioactive glycosides:
Digitalis, squill, strophanthus and thevetia,
Anthraquinone cathartics:
Aloe, senna, rhubarb and cascara,
Others:

Psoralea, Ammi majus, Ammi visnaga, gentian, saffron, chirata, quassia.
ALKALOID CONTAINING DRUGS:
Pyridine-piperidine:
Tobacco, areca and lobelia.
Tropane:
Belladonna, hyoscyamus, datura, duboisia, coca and withania.
Quinoline and Isoquinoline:
Cinchona, ipecac, opium.
Indole:
Ergot, rauwolfia, catharanthus, nux-vomica and physostigma.
Imidazole:
Pilocarpus.
Steroidal:
Veratrum and kurchi.
Alkaloidal Amine:
Ephedra and colchicum.
Glycoalkaloid:
Solanum.
Purines:
Coffee, tea and cola. Biological sources, preparation, identification tests and uses of the following enzymes: Diastase, papain, pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin.
Studies of Traditional Drugs:
Common vernacular names, botanical sources, morphology, chemical nature of chief constituents, pharmacology, categories and common uses and marketed formulations of following indigenous drugs: Amla, Kantkari, Satavari, Tylophora, Bhilawa, Kalijiri, Bach, Rasna, Punamava, Chitrack, Apamarg, Gokhru, Shankhapushpi, Brahmi, Adusa, Atjuna, Ashoka, Methi, Lahsun, Palash, Guggal, Gymnema, Shilajit, Nagarmotha and Neem. The holistic concept of drug administration in traditional systems of medicine. Introduction to ayurvedic preparations like Arishtas, Asvas, Gutikas, Tailas, Chumas, Lehyas and Bhasmas.

General Techniques of Biosynthetic Studies and Basic Metabolic Pathways/Biogenesis:
Brief introduction to biogenesis of secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical importance.
Terpenes:
monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and triterpenoids.
Carotenoids:
a-carotenoids, ß-carotenes, vitamin A, Xanthophylls of medicinal importance.
Glycosides:
Digitoxin, digoxin, hecogenin, sennosides, diosgenin and sarasapogenin.
Alkaloids:
Atropine and related compounds, Quinine, Reserpine, Morphine, Papaverine, Ephedrine, Ergot and Vinca alkaloids.
Lignans, quassanoids and flavonoids. Role of plant-based drugs on National economy:
A brief account of plant based industries and institutions involved in work on medicinal and aromatic plants in India. Utilization and production of phyto-constituents such as quinine, calcium sennosides, podophyllotoxin, diosgenin, solasodine, and tropane alkaloids. Utilization of aromatic plants and derived products with special reference to sandalwood oil, mentha oil, lemon grass oil, vetiver oil, geranium oil and eucalyptus oil. World-wide trade in medicinal plants and derived products with special reference to diosgenin (disocorea), taxol (Taxus sps) digitalis, tropane alkaloid containing plants, Papain, cinchona, Ipecac, Liquorice, Ginseng, Aloe, Valerian, Rauwolfia and plants containing laxatives. Plant bitters and sweeteners.
Plant Tissue Culture:
Historical development of plant tissue culture, types of cultures, nutritional requirements, growth and their maintenance. Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy.
Marine pharmacognosy:
Novel medicinal agents from marine sources.
Natural allergens and photosensitizing agents and fungal toxins. Herbs as health foods. Herbal cosmetics. Standardization and quality control of herbal drugs, WHO guidelines for the standardization of herbal drugs.

Tuesday, December 14, 2010

NIPER-JEE



What is NIPER-JEE?
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(NIPER)conducts National level entrance examination NIPER-JEE for admission into M.S.(Pharm);M.Tech.(Pharm);M.Pharm and M.B.A(Pharm).

NIPER INSTITUTES:
There are 7 NIPER institutes distributed throughout India.

NIPER Ahmedabad :Biotechnology,Natural products,Pharmaceutics.

NIPER Guwahati :Pharmacology & Toxicology,Pharmacy practice.

NIPER Hajipur :Biotechnology,Pharmacoinformatics,Pharmacy practice.

NIPERHyderabad:Medicinalchemistry,PharmaceuticalAnalysis,PharmacologY&Toxicology

NIPER Kolkata :Medicinal chemistry,Natural products,Pharmacoinformatics.

NIPER RaeBarelli:Medicinal chemistry,Pharmaceutics.

NIPER S.A.S Nagar:Biotechnology, Medicinal Chemistry, Natural Products, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmaceutical Management, Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology), Pharmaceutical Technology (Bulk Drugs), Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), Pharmaceutics, Pharmacoinformatics, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Pharmacy Practice, Regulatory Toxicology, Traditional Medicine.

Who can be Eligible ?

ELIGIBILITY : Well coming to eligibility,

Eligibility- (A) M.S. (Pharm.); M.Pharm. ; M.Tech. (Pharm.)

Medicinal Chemistry

M.S. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./M.Sc.(Organic Chemistry)

Natural Products

M.S. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./M.Sc.(Organic Chemistry)

Traditional Medicines

M.S. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./B.A.M.S./M.Sc.(Botany)

Pharmaceutical Analysis

M.S. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./M.Sc.(Organic/ Analytical Chemistry)

Pharmacology & Toxicology

M.S. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./B.V.Sc./M.B.B.S.

Regulatory Toxicology

M.S. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./B.V.Sc./M.Sc.(Pharmacology/Toxicology/Life Sciences/Biochemistry/Medical Biotechnology/ Zoology)/M.B.B.S.

Pharmaceutics

M.S.(Pharm.)

B. Pharm.

Biotechnology

M.S.(Pharm.)

B.Pharm./M.Sc.(Biological Sciences)

Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations)

M.Pharm.

B.Pharm.

Pharmaceutical Technology (Bulk Drugs)


M.Tech. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./M.Sc.(Organic Chemistry)/B.Tech. (Chemical Engg. or equivalent)

Pharmaceutical Technology (Biotechnology)

M.Tech. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./M.Sc.(Life Sciences)

Pharmacy Practice

M.Pharm.

B. Pharm.

Pharmacoinformatics

M.S. (Pharm.)

B.Pharm./M.Sc.(Organic Chemistry/Pharmaceutical Chemistry)/M.Sc./B.Tech. (Bioinformatics)/M.Sc. (Biochemistry/Biotechnology/Molecular Biology/Microbiology)

Eligibility - (B) M.B.A. (Pharm.)

Discipline

Programme

Pharmaceutical Management

M.B.A.(Pharm.)

B.Pharm./B.Tech.(Chemical Engg. or equivalent)/ M.Sc. (Chemical / Life Sciences)

* Candidates should have a minimum CGPA(Cumulative grade point Average)of 6.75 or 60% marks.
For General categeory, CGPA 6.25 or 55% marks.
For SC/ST, CGPA 5.75 or 50% marks.
For physically Handicapped candidates (PHC) On a 10 point scale in the qualifying exam and also have a valid GPAT/GATE/NET qualification.
For more detailed info. CLICK HERE

* Candidates appearing in the Final year of Qualifying exam are also eligible to apply for NIPER-JEE. However they must submit the final result at the time of counselling.

HOW TO APPLY ?
Application form can be obtained in person or by post from the Office of Organising Chairperson,NIPER-JEE on submission of non-refundable Bank Demand Draft of Rs.1000/-(Rs.500/- for SC/ST).
* Completely filled applications should be sent to the address mentioned in the information brochure before the last date.
NOTE: * The completed application must have attested copy of valid GPAT/GATE/NET score card attached to it.

SYLLABUS :

Medicinal chemistry and Bulk Drugs (Pharmaceutical Technology)
IUPAC nomenclature, R and S nomenclature, E and Z isomerism, atropiisomerism, Conformations
Hybridization, aromaticity, Huckel’s rule reaction mechanisms- Electrophilic, Nucleophilic, SN1, SN2, SNi, Elimination E1 E2 etc.
Ester hydrolysis, Aac1 Aac2……all eight mechanisms (Jerry march) Markovnikoves rule, Bredts rule, Stereoselectivity, stereospecificity, regioselectivity, chemoselectivity, chirality, stereochemistry, conformations, rearrangements, acids and bases.
Imine-enamine Tautomerism, keto-enol tautomerism, pericyclic reactions, racemic mixture, resolution methods.
Amino acids proteins, various methods for amino acid detection, Ninhydrin test, peptide sequencing, structures of amino acids, essential and nonessential amino acids,
Introduction to thermal methods of analysis like, TGA, DSC, DTA etc.
Carbohydrates classification, osazone test, mutarotation, etc,
Various Heterocycles, Heterocycle synthesis, reactions.
Introduction to Redox reactions.
Spectroscopy: (basics specially): Very very IMP topic. NMR, and C-NMR ranges from Morrison & Boyd or Pavia Mass -Basic concepts about various peaks M+1, molecular ion, base peak etc. (Silverstein) IR - Frequencies of various groups specially carbonyls. UV
Chromatography: Details of every chromatographic method.
Reaction kinetics, first second third and pseudo first order reactions, radio labeling for determination of mechanism.
Common condensation reactions like Aldol, Claisen Perkin, Dickmann, Darzen etc.
Other reactions like Cannizarro’s reaction, Prins reaction, especially reactions of carbonyl compounds.
References:
1. Jerry March
2. Morrison and Boyd (ESPECIALLY Peptide and Carbohydrate chemistry)
3. I. L. Finar Vol-I and Vol-II (Heterocyclic chemistry and organic synthesis)
4. Eliel

Natural Products :
In natural products more stress should be given on phytochemistry part rather than biological aspects.
Methods of extraction, isolation and characterization of natural products. Various separation techniques used for isolation of natural products.
Biosynthetic pathways.
Primary metabolites, their examples.
Secondary metabolites, various classes of secondary metabolites (e.g. Alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, lignans, saponins, lipids, flavonoids, coumarins, anthocyanidines etc.). Here most imp. Part is chemistry of these classes.
Important therapeutic classes: antidiabetics, hepatoprotectives, immmunomodulators, neutraceuticals, natural products for gynecological disorders, anti-cancer, anti-viral (mainly anti-HIV), adaptogens etc.
Dietary antioxidants, Marine natural products, Plant growth regulators.
Spectroscopy: Basic concepts of UV, NMR, IR and Mass spectroscopy. Give more stress on IR and NMR.
Stereochemistry: Basic concepts.
Fischer, sawhorse and newmon projection formulaes.
Biological sources of important classes of natural products. (Selected ones only)
Standardization of natural products.
What is difference between natural products and pharmacognosy?
References:
1. For various therapeutic classes: Trease and Evans
2. For spectroscopy: Silverstein, Pavia, Kemp.
3. For stereochemistry: I.L. Finar vol-II

Pharmacology and toxicology:
Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacological effect, desired, undesired, toxic, adverse effects.
Bioavailability, bioequivalence, various factors of ADME. (From Bramhankar)
Drug metabolism: various pathways and other details.
Drug interactions, agonist, antagonist, partial agonist, protein binding, drug distribution, distribution volume, excretion pathways etc.
Pharmacological screening: general principles, various screening models, screening methodologies (in vitro and in vivo tests).
Mechanism of drug action, drug-receptor interaction.
Various adrenergic, cholinergic and other receptors
Detailed study of CNS pharmacology
Study of basis of threshold areas of work in NIPER in pharmacology dept. mentioned in brochure.
Diseases: study of the pharmacology of the diseases and drugs used with mode of action especially of diabetes, malaria, leishmaniasis, TB, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, inflammation, and immunomodualtion.
Chemotherapy and pathophysiology- knowledge of antibiotics, their mode of action and the microorganisms responsible for various common diseases.
Bioassay methods, various requirements. Brief knowledge of the statistical tests.
References:
1. Rang and Dale (ALL CHEMOTHERAPY CLASSES OF DRUGS. IF YOU READ THE WHOLE BOOK, then nothing else is needed)
2. F. S. K. Barar
3. Wilson and Griswold (for Mechanism)
4. Kasture (for Bioassay and Screening)

Pharmaceutics and formulation (Pharmaceuticl Technology)
Drug delivery systems (DDS): NDDS models, osmotic pumps, various release patterns eg. Controlled release, delayed release. Sustained release etc., order of release. Oral controlled DDS, factors affecting controlled release.
Carriers in DDS: polymers and their classification, types, carbohydrates, surfactants, proteins, lipids, prodrugs etc.
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS): principles, absorption enhancers, evaluation of TDDS.
Parenterals: requirements, advantages, disadvantages, release pattern, route of drug delivery.
Drug targeting: microspheres, nano particles, liposomes, monoclonal antibodies, etc.
Preformulation detailed.
Complexation, solubilization, polymerization, viscosity measurements.
Dosage form development- stages, implications of dosage form.
Additives of formulation, types, examples, advantages, disadvantages, drug excipient interaction, incompatibility, various types of incompatibilities.
Dosage forms: solid (tablets, capsules, pills etc), liquid (emulsion, suspension etc), sterile (injectables), aerosols. Principles, advantages, disadvantages and problems.
Coating - in detail.
Packaging: materials, labeling etc. Types of containers (e.g. Tamper-proof containers)
In process controls, Product specification, documentation.
Compartmental modeling. (From Bramhankar)
Bioavailability, bioequivalence studies. Methods of improvement of oral bioavailability.
Evaluation of formulation, principles and methods of release control in oral formulations.
References:
1. Lachmann (ALL new and old techniques in Pharmaceutical Industry)
2. Alfred Martin (ALL physical chemistry BASICS)
3. Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences
4. Notes of Gudsurkar Sir (Most important)
5. Banker series.
6. other: Bramhankar, , Liberman Series

Pharmaceutical analysis:
Stability testing of pharmaceuticals, various stability tests, kinetic studies, shelf life determination, thermal stability, formulation stability.
Various analytical techniques
Tests: physical and chemical tests, limit tests, microbiological tests, biological tests, disintegration and dissolution tests.
Spectroscopic methods; UV, NMR, IR, MS, FT-IR, FT-NMR, ATR (Attenuated Total Reflectance), FT-Raman- basics and applications.
Thermal techniques: DSC, DTA, TGA, etc.
Particle sizing: law of diffraction.
Electrophoresis: capillary electrophoresis.
Chromatography- detailed.
QA and QC: GLP, TQM, ISO system.
Preformulation, cyclodextrin inclusion compounds
Solubility: pH, pka, surfactant HLB values, Rheology.
Crystallinity, polymorphism, solvates and hydrates, crystal habits, porosity, surface area flow properties.
Dosage forms, Stages of dosage form development
Osmolality, osmolarity, osmotic pressure, conductivity, Preservatives, Media for bioassay.
References:
1. Willard
2. Silverstein (Mass Spectroscopy)
3. William Kemp (NMR)
4. Pavia (for spectroscopy)
5. Others like Alfred Martin, Chatwal (UV), Garry Christen (Chemical Methods)

Biotechnology:Pharmaceutical technology biotechnology
Genetic Engg: Gene expression, mutation, replication, transcription, translation, recombination, bacteriophages.
Cloning: methods, isolation of nucleic acids, enzymes in cloning (restriction endonucleases, DNA ligase, DNA gyrase, polymerases etc...), functions of these enzymes, Pallindromes.
Fermentation: fermenters, fermentation process, its regulation, conditions, bioprocessors, various enzymes in fermentation technology. Fermentation of Antibiotics, vitamins, amino acids, hydroxy acids such as lactic acid etc. Chemical engg. aspects realated to fermentation
Gene therapy: methods and applications.
Monoclonal antibodies, insulin, interferons, enkephalins, angiotensin analogues and other peptides.
References:
1. Vyas and Dixit
2. IP Appendices

Practice of Pharmacy:
The best part for the preparation for this best reference for this would be Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences. This branch is quite new here, so till dates students of branch used to do case study of prescriptions in Fortis hospital, PGI Chandigarh and govt. college chd... This is much like pharmacology and drug-drug interactions and different interactions are emphasized. Diabetes, heart diseases are main area of study……….

Pharmacoinformatics:
Terminologies related with new emerging informatics e.g. proteomics, genomics, QSAR (2D, 3D, regression, correlation).
References:
Foye, Williams and Lemke, Medicinal chemistry, 5th/6th edition, chapter 1-6. (Computational drug design and molecular modeling).

Others:
Statistics, general mathematics and aptitude questions. Use MBA entrance test books like CET or CAT in MBA. Additionally some general awareness questions.
NIPER’s thrust areas are:
Microbial and viral diseases: Yeast, and fungi.
Parasitic and tropical diseases: Malaria, Leishmaniasis, amoebiasis, etc.
Metabolic Disorders: Diabetes
Strokes
Peptide and carbohydrate chemistry.
Genomics and proteomics: yeast and fungi
Hormonal disorders: TRH related diseases.

EXAM PATTERN:
A Common written test for all disciplines of the masters programme will be of 2 Hours containing 200 Multiple Choice Questions. There will be Negative marking also. For each Wrong answer 0.25 mark will be deducted ( i.e., 25% Negative marking or 1/4th Negative marking). For MBA a part from the written test there will be interview and group discussion also.

EXAM CENTRES :
A common written test for all disciplines of all Masters Programme will be conducted in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Baroda, Chennai, Delhi, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jaipur, Kolkata, Lucknow, Madurai, Mumbai, Nagpur, Nagpur, Patna, Pune, Trivandrum, Varanasi.

COUNSELLING CENTRE : Counselling is done at NIPER S.A.S Nagar (Mohali), Punjab.

CONTACT : National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research(NIPER),
Sector 67,
Phase x,
S.A.S Nagar,
Punjab.
India - 160062.
Website : www.niper.gov.in


ALL THE BEST.